In the late medieval period, while Europe  obsessed with Aristotle's natural philosophy, the Islamic world entered the zenith of astronomical discoveries. In this episode, we explore the remarkable contributions of two great astronomers, al-Tusi and al-Shatir. Amidst the dominance of Ptolemaic astronomy, they embarked on a mission to unravel its lingering problems.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

In this epsidoe we delve into the early life of Nicolaus Copernicus, the astronomer who challenged the geocentric model of the universe. From his upbringing in Torun, Poland, to his academic journey at Jagiellonian University and travels to Bologna and Rome, follow Copernicus's passion for astronomy amid societal expectations. Discover the pivotal moments that led to his groundbreaking heliocentric model, which revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

This episode explores the pivotal encounter in Nicolaus Copernicus's later life when he met the young mathematician known as Rheticus. Rheticus, a prodigy from the University of Wittenberg, sought out Copernicus in Frombork, Poland, to learn more about his heliocentric theory. Despite their differences, Rheticus and Copernicus's collaboration that resulted in the publication of Copernicus's groundbreaking work, 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.' Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, western Europe fractured into many small petty states.  A period of economic contraction coincided with a decline in learning and during the early medieval age Europe entered a nadir.  However, the church kept some form of ancient scientific thought alive and figures such as Isidore of Seville and the Venerable Bede worked to preserve this knowledge.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Scientific thought was rejuvenated in the 10th century as the Christians in the north came into contact with Islamic culture in Iberia.  Gerbert, a monk from Aurillac in Southern France played a key role in this process, introducing to Europe many innovations, such as the abacus,  the armillary sphere and new mathematics.  In doing so he revitalised teaching, particularly of the quadrivium and demonstrated to the Latins the advanced knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs. Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

In the 12th century a young man set out in search of a book.  The Almagest, the great work of astronomy had disappeared from western Europe and had long ceased to be read.  The young man, Gerard, eventually found the work in Toledo, Spain and translated it into Latin.  This story however, is only part of a Europe wide movement, whereby many of the great Greek works would finally become available.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

In the later medieval period, Europe's bustling new cities developed a new type of institution, The University.  In this episode we explore the early university and in particular its relationship with Aristotle's natural philosophy, which would form the core of the curriculum.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Perhaps the greatest orginal contribution to science in the medieval period was initiated at Merton College Oxford.  A group of scholars worked to mathematise nature and prove new theorems decribing motion.  Meanwhile in Paris, another scholar was working on a theory which undermined Aristotle's theories of motion and paved the way for Newtonian Mechanics.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

In this episode we delve into the life and legacy of the enigmatic Roger Bacon. Once considered a magician with fantastical abilities, Bacon's reputation transformed over the centuries, oscillating between mystical figure and scientific pioneer. Born in 1220, Bacon's journey through Oxford, Paris, and his unexpected entry into the Franciscan order unfolds against the backdrop of a changing Europe. Join us as we explore Bacon's intricate blend of philosophy, optics, and experimental science, shedding light on his revolutionary contributions to the pursuit of knowledge.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

After the death of Ptolemy and Galen the progress of science in the ancient world started to slow.  Roughly between the years 200-800 A.D. very little advances were made in most areas of science and there would be no successors to the great men.  Nevertheless the period was one of immense change including the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West and the rise of Christianity.    However, there was at least one important figure in the history of science during this era.  John Philoponus (c. 490 – c. 570) gave the most robust and important critique of Aristotle's natural philophy since the philosophers death.  His theories of motion would mark a great development on Aristotle paving the way for the more advanced theories which appear in the middle ages. Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Astronomy was king of the sciences in the ancient world, but since the death of Ptolemy progress had all but stalled.  Fortunately astronomy was rediscovered by the Arabs, who undertook a huge translation of Greek work into Arabic.  This next generation of astronomers venerated Ptolemy but also surpassed him, improving upon his measurements and theories.  This episode examines this rediscovery and follows the broad developments in the Islamic world between the 9th and 11th century.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

The Greek Philosophers had long debated the nature of vision, without any definitive conclusion.  They were divided, between the belief that it was either a stimulus entering the eye or a visual ray projected from the eye.  This debate however, was finally settled by the great Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham, who developed the first modern theory of vision.  In this episode we explore Al-Haytham's optical work as one of the first great experimentalists who investigated the nature of light and his development of a new theory of perspective.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Tracing the emergence of medicine in the Islamic world and its embrace of Galen, this week's episode explores the progress made in treatments and anatomy by Islamic scientists.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

While al-Haytham's visual theory was a clear triumph, his work also had a more subtle but profound effect.  His treatment of light as a quanitity which was related to but independent of vision was an important step on the path to our modern understanding of optics.  In this episode we explore the other parts of his 'Book of Optics' as well as the achievement of his forgotten contemporary Ibn Sahl.Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

In the late 10th, early 11th century two great men debated the causes of natural phenomena.  One of them was the greatest philosopher of the age, Ibn Sina, who had refined Aristotle's philosophy into a finely honed system.  The other, al-Biruni,  was perhaps the greatest polymath of the age, who invented new fields of study and whose devotion to observation was unparalleled.  In a series of letters the two men clashed over large cosmological questions and everyday phenomena and their exchange stands as one the most important intellectual debates of the age.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Ancient Greece was the birthplace of many scientific fields.  The men we have to thank for this are the Greek philosophers, who while not scientists in our sense, were frequently exploring scientific ideas.  The greatest of these 'scientific' philosophers was arguably Aristotle, whose interest in the natural world would, more than any other individual in antiquity, shape the development of scientific thought.  While we now know most of his ideas were false, this episode sets out to defend his legacy and place it in the context of the scientific work which would for the next millenia develop under his influence. In this episode we explore Aristotle's contribution in many fields including his theory of matter, theory of motion and his zoology.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Archimedes is a unique indiviudal in the history of science.  Unlike all of his ancient contemporaries, his scientific legacy is still largely intact and widely accepted in the modern era.  While many legends surround his life, we delve into his more solid scientific legacy and explore the impact and importance of his work.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Many Greek scientific fields were born out of simple questions.  Optics was one such field, which was not so much the study of light, but an attempt to answer the question, "How do we see?".  This episode takes in the development of Optics over the course of around 500 years from its inception to the work of Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License

Medicine is the most urgent of all the sciences and for as long as there have been disease, injury and death, humans have attempted to treat it.  In this episode we delve into the very early history of medince, going back to the Neolithic Era, before exploring medicne in the worlds first civilisations.  Contact: thecompletehistoryofscience@gmail.comTwitter: @complete_sciMusic Credit: Folk Round Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License