Juana Ramirez was born in 1790, she was a soldier, a heroine of the Venezuelan war for independence and a formerly enslaved Afro-Venezuelan. She earned the name La Avanzadora (the Advancer), a title earned because she was the first to courageously advance during battle. On this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about Juana La Avanzadora and Carmen has a Bukele/El Salvador update. If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/juana-ramirez-1790-1856/ https://www.liberationschool.org/honoring-juana-ramirez-la-avanzadora/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Ram%C3%ADrez https://aaregistry.org/story/the-afro-venezuelan-community-a-story/ Bukele update sources: https://elfaro.net/en/202302/opinion/26726/El-Salvador-Deals-Major-Blow-to-Nahuat--Language-Revitalization-Efforts.htm  https://centralamericannews.substack.com/p/central-american-news-0b8  https://elfaro.net/en/202302/el_salvador/26739/El-Salvador-Government-Protection-of-MS-13-from-Extradition-Emerges-in-DOJ-Indictment.htm Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Maria Remedios del Valle is an Afro-Argentine woman, born in 1766 in Buenos Aires and through her brave fighting in the war for independence, she earned the title of "Mother of the Homeland", la madre de la patria. She had to fight for her pension and thanks to the work of Black organizations in Argentina, she is celebrated yearly on November 8. In 2013, November 8th was declared the “Day of Afro-Argentines and Afro-Culture.” In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about her story. If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Remedios_del_Valle https://casadelaindependencia.cultura.gob.ar/noticia/maria-remedios-del-valle-la-capitana-de-la-patria/ Ball, E., Seijas, T., &; Snyder, T. (2020). 20 María Remedios del Valle, Nineteenth-Century Argentina. In As if she were free: A collective biography of women and emancipation in the Americas. essay, Cambrigde University Press.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In 1976, Azucena Villaflor's seemingly normal life, changed forever. Her son Nestor, and his girlfriend disappeared, during a time when many people were disappearing in Argentina. She looked for him and when she was ignored by local authorities, she and other mothers began gathering at the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, all holding images of their missing loved ones and demanding answers. In December of 1977, the founder of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, Azucena herself, disappeared. TW for forced disappearances, state violence, murder and torture. If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/top-10-latin-american-female-revolutionaries https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-24-fg-dirtywar24-story.html  https://www.chimuadventures.com/blog/2016/12/dirty-war-argentina/#:~:text=The%20disappeared%20children%20of%20the%20Dirty%20War&text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20around,identities%2C%20or%20their%20real%20families.  https://open.spotify.com/episode/7Ch6q78my43stnIC8jBAkS?si=VOD9x4f4TCy8SzpqR1CNDw&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A0WXHcjuxPw7kmbmH2klfPY  https://open.spotify.com/episode/3GxFwuH2VdIibnFwEqieRM?si=RPPXtD20TSuP-wcEgg-41g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A4C7xfgjjgRwg4gB42zehzu  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4k8n5tNbroNtQqzHDeCdWF?si=emM91eesRM6CJpOg7vt6Dw&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A2UrDPGhLf95TXal1Fs4zPs  https://www.britannica.com/event/Dirty-War  Biografía de Azucena Villaflor: Creadora del movimiento Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Biblioteca 8 de marzo) (Spanish Edition) by Enrique Arrosagaray Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

One woman, one Black Mexican woman, made history singing Boleros and in Mexican music. She had a voice like no other. She was Toña la Negra.  She was a Black Mexican woman, of Haitian ancestry, performing, singing, dancing, in a culture that denied her existence. Mexico didn't count Afro-Mexicans in the census until 2010. She proudly sang of her culture. In today's episdoe, Cristina tells Carmen about Toña la Negra's legacy. If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://www.latinolife.co.uk/articles/we-love-tona-la-negra-1912-1982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%B1a_la_Negra https://youtu.be/qmtNPRxZyaU https://caravanzers.com/tona-la-negra/ https://foreverblackeffusion.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/tona-la-negra/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Young Lords started as a street gang in the Lincoln Park in Chicago, but not long after, they became a political organization, working with the Black Panthers and other groups in the Rainbow Coalition. They still fight today for neighborhood empowerment and self-determination for Puerto Rico, Latinos, and colonized people. Denise Oliver-Velez became an integral member in the Young Lords Organization during the 1970s and she went on to continue amazing work in human rights and education. In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Young Lords, about Denise Oliver-Velez and at the end of the episode, Carmen brings a new segment, where she gives updates on the situation in El Salvador. If you participated in the 2006 student walkouts or La Gran Marcha, please email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Oliver-Velez Young Lords : A Reader edited by Derrick Enck-Wanzer, Irish Morales, Denise Oliver-Velez  https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/young-lords-organization https://darrylrobertson3491.medium.com/a-history-of-the-young-lords-revolution-part-one-bdafa45f3ffb The Young Lords ft Denise Oliver-Velez - Bryan Knight YouTube video  Johanna Fernandez Presents "the Young Lords: A Radical History"  Take Over How We Occupied a Hospital and Changed Public Healthcare- Documentary  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Usually when discussing the enslavement of Africans, the United States immediately comes to mind and many, don't even think about Latin America. The trafficking of enslaved Black people in Mexico was thriving, especially from 1509 to 1619. In that time period, at least 120,000 enslaved were trafficked to Mexico. Of course, as with all oppression, there were uprisings and revolts. One successful revolt was that of Gaspar Yanga, who escaped enslavement, into the mountains, of Veracruz.  He stayed there, welcoming other escaped formerly enslaved Africans and they formed Yanga. They called themselves Yanguicos. On today's episode, Crisina tells Carmen about Gaspar Yanga and the Yanguicos. If you have topic suggestions, feel free email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com or use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/46/3/235/158429/Negro-Slave-Control-and-Resistance-in-Colonial http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2011/05/gaspar-yanga-1570-african-slave-revolt.html?m=1 https://daily.jstor.org/mexicos-yanga-commenorates-founding/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Despite numerous human rights violations, fraud, authoritarianism, and corruption, the Salvadoran President, Bukele, has immense support from Salvadorans, but even among intense oppression, there are also brave dissidents who oppose Bukele. In the episode titled El Salvador: the History of Bukele, Carmen shared how Bukele rose to power and in the episode titled El Salvador: Bukele and the State of Exception, Carmen shared about the human rights violations and state violence that have occurred during the state of exception. Now, on today’s episode Carmen tells Cristina about protests and movements against Bukele. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://cispes.org/article/thousands-protest-independence-day-el-salvador?language=es  https://thehill.com/homenews/news/577129-thousands-protest-against-bukele-in-el-salvador-as-grievances-mount/  https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/thousands-protest-against-bukele-government-in-el-salvador  https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/4/22/central-america-unrest-repression-grow-amid-coronavirus-crisis  https://www.aa.com.tr/en/pg/photo-gallery/health-workers-protest-in-front-of-congress-in-el-salvador-and-ask-for-strict-quarantine  https://peoplesdispatch.org/2020/05/15/massive-protests-in-el-salvador-against-president-nayib-bukele/  https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/18/thousands-protest-in-el-salvador-against-bukele-government  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

During chaos, disasters and loss, it seems that you can look and always see a furry friend, there to help. Hero dogs like Frida, who rescued many after earthquakes, but also unofficial rescue dogs like Citla, who was known to help lost mountain climbers in Mexico. On today's episode, Carmen and Cristina tell each other about these historic and heroic puppers. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/citla-el-perro-de-nieve-que-salvo-a-montanistas-en-el-pico-de-orizaba.html https://www.vallartadaily.com/citla-mountain-dog/ https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/mexicos-frida-beloved-rescue-dog-turned-national-icon-dies-2022-11-16/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Puebla_earthquake#:~:text=The%20Mexico%20City%20campus%20of,Mexico%20earthquake%20rescue%20efforts%20continued.  https://www.npr.org/2022/11/20/1138051087/mexico-pays-tribute-to-frida-the-golden-labrador-who-saved-lives https://www.cbsnews.com/news/frida-dog-mexico-frida-the-hero-rescue-dog-who-became-a-symbol-of-hope-after-deadly-mexico-earthquake-retires/ https://www.odditycentral.com/animals/hero-dog-leads-rescuers-to-84-year-old-owner-who-had-been-missing-for-a-week.html Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Gum or forms of gum have been used by people for the longest time, but the commercialization of gum is relatively new, in terms of history. In the Americas, indigenous peoples have been chewing gum for, well, forever. In the Yucatan region, their gum is chicle based and chicle is the milky latex of the sapodilla tree. These trees were abundant in southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize. What does chicle have to do with former Mexican president Santa Anna? On today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the history of gum and what it has to do with former Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio-lopez-de-santa-anna-biography-2136663 https://www.npr.org/2009/07/12/106439600/chicle-a-chewy-story-of-the-americas CHICLE: THE CHEWING GUM OF THE AMERICAS, FROM THE ANCIENT MAYA TO WILLIAM WRIGLEY BY JENNIFER P. MATHEWS Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On March 25, 2022, until the 28th, 87 homicides took place in El Salvador. These 3 deadly days led President Nayib Bukele to enact a State of Exception. The state of exception is temporary, to address emergency situations, but Bukele has continuously extended the 30 day exception. As of today, 1/12/22, the state of exception is still in place. Thousands have been arrested and hundreds have reported abuses during the state of exception. On today's episode, Carmen tells Cristina about the state of exception and shares stories of those that have been affected. This is part three of our 3 part topic discussing El Salvador. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources -https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/02/09/americas/el-salvador-president-bukele-profile-intl/index.html   -https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/26/naybib-bukele-el-salvador-president-coolest-dictator https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/nayib-bukele-salvador-millenial-dictator-authoritarianism.html  https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-volcano-bonds-nayib-bukele-1388472/  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4dj7fZ7p4g7N9a8IXlerz0?si=D4IABWPnTBuO2E9mfOGC0Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y https://open.spotify.com/episode/6f0wIZz54TJNgGDOkxkp0O?si=8MLMvvI4QJuE87DPEfV7oA&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://youtu.be/2o5VApD_dKU https://open.spotify.com/episode/0ysZMGaE78eJG59v9SxHcf?si=eAOGy5qaR1Wm_6BDkUCw6Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://open.spotify.com/episode/6KFzaQEeGKtf9OhySU5McI?si=xYdDKIROTrODx_hTA-N84g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/latin-america-erupts-millennial-authoritarianism-in-el-salvador/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A democratic two party government was put in place after the long Salvadoran civil war. These parties were the FMLN and ARENA, but throughout the years, both parties have seen a number of corruption scandals. From these scandals and mistrust, one politician was able to rise to power. This episode is part two of a series of episodes on El Salvador. Last episode, Cristina talked about El Mozote Massacre and the civil war, which ended in a discussion on the current president, Bukele and his part in ending the trial of el Mozote. On this episode, Carmen shares the history of Bukele and what led him to gain power. In the final installment, next episode, Carmen will discuss Bukele's State of Exception If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources -https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2019/02/09/americas/el-salvador-president-bukele-profile-intl/index.html   -https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2021/sep/26/naybib-bukele-el-salvador-president-coolest-dictator https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/nayib-bukele-salvador-millenial-dictator-authoritarianism.html  https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/el-salvador-bitcoin-law-volcano-bonds-nayib-bukele-1388472/  https://open.spotify.com/episode/4dj7fZ7p4g7N9a8IXlerz0?si=D4IABWPnTBuO2E9mfOGC0Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y https://open.spotify.com/episode/6f0wIZz54TJNgGDOkxkp0O?si=8MLMvvI4QJuE87DPEfV7oA&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://youtu.be/2o5VApD_dKU https://open.spotify.com/episode/0ysZMGaE78eJG59v9SxHcf?si=eAOGy5qaR1Wm_6BDkUCw6Q&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://open.spotify.com/episode/6KFzaQEeGKtf9OhySU5McI?si=xYdDKIROTrODx_hTA-N84g&context=spotify%3Ashow%3A3skDSKvB1twtAxgLh0645y  https://journalofdemocracy.org/articles/latin-america-erupts-millennial-authoritarianism-in-el-salvador/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On December 11, 1981, the US trained Atlácatl battalion descended on the village of el Mozote (and surrounding villages) and enacted one of the worst human rights violations in Latin America. They murdered women, children and village. After their attack was over, it is estimated that at least 1000 civilians were killed. Survivors of the attack are still trying to seek justice. In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the Salvadoran civil war and the massacre of El Mozote. This episode discusses a massacre during the Salvadoran civil war, murder of children and rape are discussed, listen with care (or feel free to skip this episode if these are topics are triggering). If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources: http://www.lib.luc.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/show/ellacuria-tapes https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-cold-war.html#/ https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/13/us-role-el-mozote-massacre-still-echoes-immigration-today/ https://elfaro.net/es/201003/noticias/1416/How-we-killed-Archbishop-Romero.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War#Aims_of_the_junta's_violent_repression https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlacatl_Battalion https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/world/americas/09amaya.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8E-RJxjYMo https://www.dplf.org/en/resources/el-mozote-massacre-trial-decades-long-search-justice-el-salvador-continues https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/26/world/americas/el-salvador-el-mazote-massacre.html https://www.latinorebels.com/2018/09/06/daughterofelmozotesurvivor/ https://www.axios.com/el-mozote-salvador-massacre-40-years-22099231-a62f-45af-a53d-ddb639be60af.html https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Lai_massacre#:~:text=Victims%20included%20men%2C%20women%2C%20children,in%20C%20Company%2C%20was%20convicted. Danner, M. (2005). The massacre at El Mozote: A parable of the Cold War. Granta Books.  https://www.propublica.org/article/survivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16707316579004&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fsurvivors-and-families-of-victims-of-a-1981-el-salvador-massacre-see-justice-slip-away-again https://elfaro.net/en/202104/el_salvador/25441/US-Government-Hid-Presence-of-US-Advisor-in-Mozote-Massacre-Expert-Says.htm https://unfinishedsentences.org/el-faro-the-day-the-offended-of-el-mozote-silenced-the-military/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A peaceful Palm Sunday parade turned deadly in Ponce, Puerto Rico in 1937. 21 Puerto Ricans were killed and more than 200 wounded, all at the hands of US funded Insular Police. In this episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter of Puerto Rico history. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources: https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ponce-massacre/ https://waragainstallpuertoricans.com/the-ponce-massacre/ Denis, N. A., & Denis, N. A. (2016). The Ponce Massacre. In War against all puerto ricans revolution and terror in America's colony. essay, Bold Type Books.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponce_massacre Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thousands of Chilean Children were stolen from their mothers during the Pinochet regime. They were sent abroad, to adoptive parents, to countries like Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Germany and the United States. These adoptive parents had no idea their children were placed under adoption through coercive methods. Carmen tells Cristina about the dark history and corruption behind international adoption in Chile during the Pinochet regime If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources: https://people.com/human-interest/twins-stolen-at-birth-reunite-with-biological-mom-who-fought-to-find-them/ https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/26/chile-stolen-children-international-adoption-sweden https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/american-firefighter-learns-chiles-stolen-children/story?id=84012146#:~:text=In%201983%2C%20Hilda%20Quezada%20Godoy,by%20the%20government%20of%20Chile. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48929112  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)#Human_rights_violations  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-UyE4R64wU Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

El Cri-Cri is a fictional cricket created by Francisco Gabilondo Soler. El Cri-Cri is arguably the most famous Spanish singing character, at least for the generation of millennials and above. His more than 200 songs hold a special place in history, but his songs are not without controversy. In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about the history, legacy and controversy behind El Cri-Cri If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Want to support Historias Unknown and access ad-free episodes? Join Historias Unknown Premium: https://historiasunknown.supercast.com/new_landing Sources: https://remezcla.com/features/music/cri-cri-el-grilito-cantor-op-ed/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Gabilondo_Soler https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri-Cri_(character) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Prudencia Ayala was an indigenous woman, writer, social activist and in 1930, she dared to run for president, in a time when women couldn't even vote in El Salvador (or in all of Latin America). In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about an amazing woman who made history by daring to run. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Sources: https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/she-dared-to-run-the-unlikely-story-of-prudencia-ayala/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudencia_Ayala https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185743/http://www.eldiariony.com/especiales/90/detail.aspx?id=700214&SectionId=46 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Latines had a huge role in WWII, from filling in work shortages to filling in ranks in the United States Armed forces. Many Mexican and Puerto Rican members of the military were sent to the Philippines or different Latin American countries. Puerto Rican soldiers that were sent to Panama, participated in mustard gas experiments. They, along with Black and Japanese-American soldiers, were sought out for these experiments due to their race. In today's episode, Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter in WWII history. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Sources: https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/03/534896928/for-veterans-mustard-gassed-in-secret-tests-help-now-sits-on-presidents-desk https://www.npr.org/2015/06/23/416408655/the-vas-broken-promise-to-thousands-of-vets-exposed-to-mustard-gas https://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-world-war-ii-chemical-experiments Smith, S. L. (2008). Mustard gas and American race-based human experimentation in World War II. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 36(3), 517+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A186516801/AONE?u=fvrl_main&sid=googleScholar&xid=c80913cf https://borinqueneers.com/en_US/soldier/ssg-gabriel-soto-rivera-ret Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

From 1909 to the 1970s, the state of California performed one third of all sterilizations in the United States. 20,000 sterilizations were performed during these years, to people that did not consent. The case of Madrigal v. Quilligan, took place in Los Angeles in the 1970s. Many unsuspecting women were coerced to sign paperwork to perform their sterilization, while others were told that the process could be reversed. Cristina tells Carmen about this dark chapter in California history and they also discuss the book Solito by Javier Zamora. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Sources: No Mas Bebes. 2015. Directed by Renee Tajima-Peña https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/madrigal-v-quilligan#:~:text=and%20Photographs%20Division.-,Madrigal%20v.,for%20involuntary%20or%20forced%20sterilization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_m%C3%A1s_beb%C3%A9s https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/magazine/when-doctors-took-family-planning-into-their-own-hands.html https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36db64c71e274d5092cfdd68f5b3c541 Music Credit: Hustlin' (Instrumental) · NEFFEX Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Guatemalan Syphilis experiments were conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948. They were led by John Cutler, who would go on participate in the Tuskegee Experiments. This was unknown, until Historian and Professor Susan Mokotoff Reverby found Cutler's archives, while she was researching the Tuskegee Experiments. Guatemala has condemned these experiments as crimes against humanity. Carmen tells Cristina about this dark chapter in Guatemala history and it's aftermath. They also discuss the recent news about Nury Martinez, former president of the Los Angeles City Council and her racists remarks. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form On Instagram, you can find pictures of topics discussed: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Website: https://www.historiasunknown.com/ Sources: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-guatemala-syphilis/u-s-researchers-broke-rules-in-guatemala-syphilis-study-idUSTRE77S3L120110829 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828982/  http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/cover_story/2017/02/guatemala_syphilis_experiments_worse_than_tuskegee.html  https://www.voanews.com/a/judge-lawsuit-over-guatemala-syphilis-experiment-to-proceed/4730000.html https://www.law.com/2022/04/22/federal-judge-dismisses-suit-against-johns-hopkins-rockefeller-foundation-over-nonconsensual-human-medical-experiments-in-guatemala/?slreturn=20220909212146 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Eugenics was developed largely by Sir Francis Galton as a method of improving the human race, eugenics was increasingly discredited as unscientific and racially biased during the 20th century and it also informed many policies in California. In California, Mexicans were targeted by eugenic policies, making up the majority of people sterilized in during the 1900s. Today, Cristina tells Carmen about eugenic history, sterilizations and how the same rhetoric exists today, in stereotypes about "dirty Mexicans" and "hyper breeder" Latina women. If you have topic suggestions, thoughts or any comments feel free to email Historiasunknownpodcast@gmail.com use this form Twitter: https://twitter.com/historiaunknown Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/historiasunknown/ Sources: http://www.processhistory.org/sara-rosas-garcia/ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/california-compensates-victims-forced-sterilizations-many-latinas-rcna1471#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16640386522730&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Fcalifornia-compensates-victims-forced-sterilizations-many-latinas-rcna1471 Stern, A. (2016). Eugenic Nation (2nd ed.). University of California Press. Music Credit: Hustlin' (Instrumental) · NEFFEX Mentioned in this episode: Roe v wade preroll For more information visit: https://choice.crd.co/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices