The Podcast describes different types of lighting effects, classifying them by how light is distributed in a space. General diffused lighting spreads light evenly for a soft glow, while directional lighting focuses light in one direction. Directional lighting is further subdivided into indirect, semi-direct, and semi-indirect lighting, which differ in the proportion of light shining directly versus bouncing off surfaces. These variations create diverse lighting moods and highlight specific areas depending on their application. The explanations use everyday examples to illustrate each lighting type and its characteristics.